
The Western debate about China’s industrial rise keeps circling the same question: how much of it is subsidised? The European Commission’s anti-subsidy investigations into Chinese electric vehicles, solar panels, and wind turbines have produced tariff …

The European Union treats data as a privacy right. The United States treats it as a corporate asset. China treats it as a factor of production, a national economic resource on par with land, labour, capital, and technology. That distinction, which soun…